Thursday, September 18, 2008

The great depression

When American writer David Foster Wallace committed suicide it did not just mark the death of a novelist. Rather, it perhaps was one of the first few indications of the death of the American novel. Wallace, 46, best known for his novel Infinite Jest was driven to taking his own life as he could not cope with his demons, and a chronic depression that lasted 20 years.

And this was a man who could write insightfully on any subject — from tennis to boiling a lobster. Which makes one wonder why Americans have a high incidence of depression, what with 10% of adults affected in a given year. Naturally, it gets reflected in contemporary American writing. Much of what comes out through American fiction are personal accounts of dysfunctional families, depression-related disorders and frustrations.

Studies say that many of the disorders are being caused by recent recession-related woes, low wages, rising unemployment and the trauma of war. However, Wallace’s condition was of a different kind. He was down because he found it difficult to put his views across in a world that is in love with advertisements, cheap entertainment, acquired and affected tastes and sophisticated sarcasm. Above all, his primary concern was telling the truth, and he feared he was not succeeding since he didn’t see any signs of change around him.

The contemporary American novel is guilty of encouraging all that he derided. Which is why it is driving away readers from American prose. That could also be the reason why readers the world over are turning to writers from elsewhere, particularly in translations. In his book A Reader’s Manifesto author B R Myers argues that proof of the decline of American prose is most visible in the disappearance of the long sentence and any attempt to look for genuine stories.

He hopes that one day readers would stand up to the literary establishment. He argues against the current trend of ‘genre’ writing which is replete with pretentious prose ornamented with wordplay and clever turn of phrases. His grouse is against stories mostly about an insular society. Now, that’s another symptom of the American illness!

source:http://economictimes.indiatimes.com

Posted by Tom in 12:24:58 | Permalink | Comments Off

Wednesday, September 10, 2008

Do Not Accept Depression As A Normal Part Of Aging

Depression is not a part of getting older. If you are one in the senior age groups and you are feeling more depressed today than yesterday and days before yesterday try to determine what it is that is causing your “down” feelings.

First of all, are you one that focuses on the flaws and failures of your life? If you sit and ponder about all the mistakes you have made thus far you could be suffering a bit from low self-esteem. Low self-esteem can result in a “distorted self-image that can feed your depressed mood. In fact, as long as you have a low self concept of yourself you are going to feel down and depressed much of the time. This is probably not a clinical or serious bout of depression, but something you can work on daily to improve.

Most people feel bad about themselves from time to time. I truly do not think there is anyone who is on top of the mountain all the time. Your temporary feelings of low self-esteem may also be triggered by being treated poorly by someone else recently or in the past. Don’t let low-esteem be your constant companion especially if it progresses to affecting your mood. There is no need for anyone to go through life feeling badly about their present or past life. Low self-esteem keeps you from enjoying life, and doing the things you truly want to do each day of your life.

Instead of sitting and thinking about your flaws and your failures try to some tips to help you battle those feelings of low self-esteem. Try making lists. Reread your lists often. Rewrite your list from time to time. If you have a journal, write your lists there. If you don’t, any kind of notebook or piece of paper will work. Your list should include:

  • At least 5 of your strengths
  • At least 5 of things you admire about yourself
  • Five of the greatest achievements in your life so far
  • At least 20 other accomplishments (can be as simple as learning to sew a button on a shirt) to as great as a Masters Degree in Business Management.
  • 10 ways you can “treat” or “reward” yourself that does not include food and does not cost you anything, such as a walking in a favorite park or wooded area, shopping just to be browsing around, or chatting with a favorite friend
  • 10 things you can do to make yourself laugh
  • 10 things you could do to help someone else
  • As many things as you can think of that makes you feel good about yourself.
  •  Walking outdoors, shopping malls or fitness centers.    
  • Gardening, Dancing, and Swimming (if you can swim, this is one activity that works out every muscle in your body).

sources: http://www.articlesbase.com

Posted by Tom in 11:21:17 | Permalink | Comments Off

Tuesday, August 26, 2008

Study Sheds Light On Impact Of Terrorism On Adolescent Depression

In a study on adolescent depression following terror attacks, Professor Golan Shahar of Ben-Gurion University of the Negev in Beer-Sheva, Israel, and Professor Christopher Henrich of Georgia State University, report that social support experienced by these adolescents seems to protect against depression. The research paper will be published in the upcoming issue of the Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry.

The study followed middle school students in the Israeli city of Sderot who have experienced seven years of ongoing terror attacks by Qassam rockets launched from the nearby Gaza Strip. Researchers examined whether higher levels of baseline social support protected the adolescents from adverse psychological effects of exposure to repeated trauma.

Twenty-nine participants were evaluated before and after a five-month period from May to September 2007, when daily rocket attacks from Gaza increased significantly. Both evaluations measured adolescent self-reported depression, social support from family, friends and school in the context of the ongoing rocket attacks. According to Shahar, “This provided an exceptional and unique opportunity to examine risk and resilience processes in such a heavily burdened population.”

The findings indicate that a strong support system for adolescents could cushion the effects of depression caused by prolonged exposure to rocket attacks. According to the authors, “These findings highlight the potential importance of community mental health efforts as protective resources in times of traumatic stress. More research on the subject is necessary to determine the extent to which support helps students cope with the difficulties.”

Shahar and Henrich, both members of their university’s psychology departments, have been collaborating for over eight years, publishing more than 10 joint papers on the role of stress, risk and resilience in the development of children and adolescents.

source: http://www.sciencedaily.com

Posted by Tom in 11:27:09 | Permalink | Comments Off

Monday, August 18, 2008

Marcus Trescothick speaks of battle with depression

Cricket star Mark Trescothick has spoken about suffering from depression and how it ended his England career.

The opening batsman, 32, described the bouts of homesickness, sleeplessness and anxiety which forced him to fly home during Test series against India in February 2006 and from Australia in November of the same year.

Trescothick, who remains England’s 11th best run scorer, with an average of 43.75, said: “I would not have wished my illness on my worst enemy … Depression is not the same as feeling down or fed up. People might say ‘I’m a bit depressed today,’ but true depression is quite different.”

In his autobiography, Coming Back to Me, he describes how he saw Indian beggars who made him think about his wife Hayley and new daughter Ellie and triggered the breakdown.

“My mind was pulling itself apart. What was happening at home? Was Hayley OK? Was Ellie all right?”

Earlier this year Trescothick was found slumped in a corner of a shop at Heathrow, unable to board a plane to join his Somerset team-mates for a pre-season tour of Dubai. He announced his retirement from international cricket a few days later.

His GP diagnosed him with depression. The batsman has now returned to county cricket, helping Somerset close in on the Division Two championship. He said that while he has not cured his depression he has built up strategies to help him cope.


source: http://www.telegraph.co.uk

Posted by Tom in 11:06:08 | Permalink | Comments Off

Monday, August 11, 2008

Best Cure For Depression

Thousands of people suffer from depression every year ranging from mild occasional bouts of depression to long term, more serious clinical depression. What then can those who suffer from depression do to find relief and what is the best cure for depression?

Actually, the answer is, there is no “best cure for depression” since depression is a very personalized thing the best cure for depression is going to depend on the person and what is causing the depression in the first place.

Consider some of these examples.

Stress in the work place can take a toll on you both physically and mentally. Job stress due to conflicts between co-workers or your boss or the stress caused by simply being in the wrong job for you that you hate and that is contrary to your own nature can cause sleeplessness, physical problems such as high blood pressure, and result in depression. In a case such as this, the best cure for depression is learning ways in which to cope with the stress and switching to a new job or new career.

In some cases, people have trouble sleeping and the lack of proper rest can make you feel run down, get irritable and experience mild depression. Using aromatic bath salts or an aromatherapy spray can help you relax and get to sleep. Yes, it could be your best cure for depression in a case such as this.

If your depression is stemming from a physical conditions, such as being over weight or the hormone changes associated with menopause. In cases such as this, your best cure for depression is going to be to speak with you health care provider to discuss treatment options, changes in diet, new exercise, or natural hormonal supplements that can address the physical conditions that are causing the depression. The same can be said for depression caused by a chemical imbalance. The best cure of depression may be to change medications or to try a new one; this is something that you need to work closely with your health care provider to determine.

Some cases of depression may require therapy, lifestyle changes, acquiring new skills, or medical intervention. The truth is that the only real “best cure for depression” is getting to know yourself and understanding what the underlying cause of the depression is; keeping in mind that depression is often a symptom of something else. When you understand your own depression and what makes it, and you, unique from everyone else then you will be on the road to finding your own best cure for depression.

Source : http://ezinearticles.com

Posted by Tom in 12:15:55 | Permalink | Comments Off

Monday, August 4, 2008

Increased US Prison Population Has Profound Demographic Consequences, Disproportionately Affecting Black Males

The mammoth increase in the United States’ prison population since the 1970s is having profound demographic consequences that disproportionately affect black males.

“This jump in incarceration rates represents a massive intervention in American families at a time when the federal government was making claims that it was less involved in their lives,” according to a University of Washington researcher who will present findings Sunday (Aug. 3) at the annual meeting of the American Sociological Association.

Drawing data from a variety of sources that looked at prison and general populations, Becky Pettit, a UW associate professor of sociology, and Bryan Sykes, a UW post-doctoral researcher, found that the boom in prison population is hiding lowered rates of fertility and increased rates of involuntary migration to rural areas and morbidity that is marked by a greater exposure to and risk of infectious diseases such as tuberculosis and HIV or AIDS.

These effects are most heavily felt by low-skill black males, and she said the disproportionately high incarceration rates among African-Americans suggest the prison system is a key suspect in these demographic results.Pettit said well-documented facts – one in 100 Americans is behind bars in 2008, about 2.4 million people currently are incarcerated and nearly 60 percent of young black males who dropped out of high school have served time in jail – don’t seem to register with Americans.

“These kinds of rates were not historically true 30 years ago. Today, we are giving people custodial sentences that we wouldn’t have in the past for victimless crimes. Our justice system has become more punitive,” she said, adding that most demographic data collection is decades behind the times and masks this racial disproportionality. That’s because most surveys, which are federally funded, were begun in the 1960s and 70s and excluded the prison population, which was significantly smaller at that time.

In addition, she noted that the effects of an ever-growing criminal justice system extend beyond those who are serving sentences to include children, partners and even entire communities.

Among the findings outlined in Pettit’s presentation are:

• Rates of positive or latent tuberculosis are 50 percent to 100 percent higher for inmates than for the general population. The TB rate among black inmates is 14.6 percent compared to 8.4 percent for white inmates. Despite substantial declines in the overall risk for TB in the U.S., blacks are eight times more likely to contract the disease than whites.

• Blacks both inside and out of prison have higher rates of HIV infection than whites. Inmate rates for HIV are 3.5 percent for blacks and 2.3 percent for whites, although Pettit said this data is weak because many inmates have not been tested for HIV or will not say if they are HIV positive.

• The number of black men living in rural, or non-metropolitan, areas increases dramatically when the inmate population is included because many jails and prisons are located in rural locations.

• Rates of childlessness are higher for both black and white inmates than the general population. Sixty-four percent of non-prison white men have children, but that number drops to 50.6 percent of jailed white men. Among blacks, 71.7 percent of the non-prison men have children while 61.7 percent of those in jail are fathers.

The survey focused on African-Americans and non-Hispanic whites because earlier surveys did not collect data about such groups as Hispanics or Asian-Americans or because the sample sizes from these groups were too small to draw valid statistical judgments. The study also only looked at men between the ages of 25 and 44 and broke them into three groups – high school dropouts, high school graduates and those with a college degree or some college education

Pettit said she hopes her work can be a springboard for better and more inclusive data collection that paints a more accurate demographic picture of the U.S. population.”We usually don’t think of the prison system as something that is a policy shift. But the public health risks and the effects on migration and fertility show that it has had fundamental consequences for all of us,” she said.

“It is in our own self-interest to be concerned. And certainly from a fiscal standpoint we have an interest. In times of financial difficulty, we have a fixed amount of money and for every dollar we spend on incarceration we have one dollar less to spend on education and other things. This is a challenging public policy question.”

source:http://www.medicalnewstoday.com

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Monday, July 28, 2008

Brain electrodes tackle severe depression

Severely depressed patients who do not respond to conventional therapy may be helped by deep brain stimulation (DBS), according to the most-extensive study to date of the experimental procedure.

In a clinical trial in Toronto, Canada, 12 out of 20 patients who had stimulating electrodes placed in a brain area called the subcallosal cingulated gyrus showed significant improvement in their depression, with seven of them going into full remission.

source : http://www.nature.com

Posted by Tom in 10:37:28 | Permalink | Comments Off

Monday, July 21, 2008

Eyewitnesses May Misidentify Perpetrator Of A Crime Due To Stress Or Fear

A study about the fragility of eyewitness identification used within the criminal justice system, has conducted by researchers at Goldsmiths, University of London. According to this study, stress and fear reduce the likelihood of successful identification, bringing into question a victim’s ability to identify the perpetrator of a crime.

Visitors to the London Dungeon were asked to describe and identify an actor encountered in the ‘Labyrinth of the Lost’ who stepped out to block their path. Whilst they were in the labyrinth, some participants wore a heart rate monitor to measure the level of their anxiety.

The researchers found that participants who had experienced a higher state of anxiety were less likely to report correct descriptions of the actor and were less likely to correctly identify him/her in a line-up than participants who had experienced less anxiety.

Most research on the effectiveness of eyewitness identification is likely to overestimate accuracy because the participant witnesses do not feel the fear or stress evoked by crime that would be present in real situations.

For ethical reasons, participants in experiments cannot be subjected to the same stress that a victim of crime may experience. This study sought to recreate a similar level of fear and stress, however, by using the scare in the London Dungeon so as to understand what effect such stress may have on memory.

Professor of Psychology, Tim Valentine, who headed the research, emphasised the significance of the results: “We know already that mistaken eyewitness identification is the leading cause of wrongful convictions in the USA. This research takes us a step closer to understanding the problem.”

“The experience in the Labyrinth of the Lost is much less extreme than the stress a victim of crime may experience, but we still observed a catastrophic failure of identification by visitors who found the experience stressful.”

“The research doesn’t suggest there is anything wrong with the identification procedures that the police use, but does demonstrate just how difficult it can be for a victim to identify the offender.”

Evidence shows that mistaken eyewitness identification is a common cause of miscarriages of justice. 218 people wrongly convicted in the USA have been exonerated by new DNA analysis from crime scene samples. 75% of these cases were the result of mistaken eyewitness identification.

source: http://www.sciencedaily.com

Posted by Tom in 09:14:51 | Permalink | Comments Off

Tuesday, July 15, 2008

Culture And Depression – New Data May Help Doctors More Accurately Diagnose Patients

The expectation that East-Asian people emphasize physical symptoms of depression (e.g. headaches, poor appetite or aches/pains in the body) is widely acknowledged, yet the few available empirical studies report mixed data on this issue. A new study from the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH) debunks this cultural myth, and offers clinicians valuable insight to into cultural context when assessing a patient, leading to more accurate diagnosis.

Lead by CAMH Clinical Research Director Dr. R. Michael Bagby, in collaboration with Dr. Andrew Ryder, Concordia University, Steven Heine, University of British Columbia and a number of collaborators from Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, People’s Republic of China, this study recruited more than 200 participants, half from an outpatient clinic in China, and half from a clinical research department outpatient clinic at CAMH, and tested two central hypotheses: 1. East-Asian participants will emphasize somatic or physical symptoms of depression more than North American participants, and 2. North American participants would emphasize psychological symptoms of depression (e.g. report feeling sad, crying spells, or a loss of self-confidence) more than East-Asian participants. Dr. Bagby and his team also wanted to examine the role stigma and alexithymia (difficulty using words to describe emotions) play in how each culture presented and expressed depression symptoms.

This rigorous work is one of only a few studies to address these questions with a direct cross-cultural comparison of clinical patients. Also, it is the only study to use three assessment tools (spontaneous report of problems during unstructured discussion with doctor; clinician-rated symptoms in a structured clinical interview; and a symptom rating scale in questionnaire form) translated into both English and Chinese (Mandarin) and modified to address cross-cultural differences.

As Dr. Bagby explains, “the onset of depression triggers a biological response that takes place within a specific social context, resulting in a cascade of somatic and psychological experiences that are interpreted through a particular cultural lens. Careful translation and adaptation of our assessment tools helped us clarify if different approaches lead to different symptom profiles and conclusions about patients.”

Overall, the data demonstrate a consistently greater level of psychological symptom reporting in the North American sample, regardless of assessment tool. This suggests a tendency for Western cultures to emphasize psychological symptoms of depression (psychologization), rather than a tendency for those from East-Asian cultures to emphasize physical symptoms (somatization).

East-Asian participants did report a significantly higher level of somatic symptoms when reporting through the spontaneous interview and structured clinical interview. Also, these participants reported higher levels of stigma and alexithymia. A refined examination of this link revealed that the observed cross-cultural differences in somatic symptom scores relates, in part, to cultural differences in internally versus externally oriented thinking. This suggests that people who do not frequently focus on their internal emotional state are more likely to notice somatic symptoms.

While this data may help clinicians be more aware of how culture can impact how people talk about their illness, this data does not constitute a norm for depression worldwide. More work should be done to understand the interaction of biology, culture and individual differences in predicting variations in how people present symptoms of depression.

The Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH) is Canada’s largest mental health and addiction teaching hospital, as well as one of the world’s leading research centres in the area of addiction and mental health. CAMH combines clinical care, research, education, policy development and health promotion to transform the lives of people affected by mental health and addiction issues.

CAMH is fully affiliated with the University of Toronto, and is a Pan American Health Organization/World Health Organization Collaborating Centre.

source: http://www.medicalnewstoday.com

Posted by Tom in 12:24:47 | Permalink | Comments Off

Thursday, July 3, 2008

Depression Ups Risk Of Complications Following Heart Attack

People who suffer from severe depression following a heart attack might be more likely to experience cardiac complications while hospitalized, according to a new study.

Lead author Jeff Huffman, M.D., and assistant professor of psychiatry at Harvard Medical School said,”There is good evidence that if a person has depression after a heart attack, they are more likely to die from cardiac causes in the following months and years. But it can not studied yet whether depression impacts cardiac outcomes immediately after a heart attack-the time we see the most complications.”

There are 129 patients included in the study at Massachusetts General Hospital. Within 72 hours of having a heart attack, each participant underwent an interview to determine if he or she suffered from depression or not. 17 of the original group members had a diagnosis of major depression lasting for at least two weeks.

Major depression was a significant predictor of heart rhythm problems, congestive heart failure or a second heart attack.

Huffman added,”The results suggest that physicians should be especially mindful of treating depression in patients with cardiac risk factors, and also suggest close in-hospital monitoring of heart attack patients with major depression given this increased risk for complications.”

David Bush, M.D., associate professor at The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine and Heart Institute said,”Surprising thing is that differences in outcomes were seen in a relatively short time and the new observation is that risk for these bad outcomes start while patients are still in the hospital”.

Posted by Tom in 10:01:09 | Permalink | Comments Off